Ion Transport across the cell membrane is required to maintain cell volume homeostasis. In
response to changes in extracellular osmolarity, most cells activate specific metabolic or
membrane-transport pathways to respond to cell swelling or shrinkage and return their
volume to its normal resting state. This process involves the rapid adjustment of the activities
of channels and transporters that mediate flux of K+, Na+, Cl−, and small organic osmolytes.
Cation chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCCs and KCCs are a family of membrane proteins …